Ecosystems typically recover after volcanic eruptions through a process called primary succession. This process involves the gradual establishment of plant and animal life in the affected area. Initially, pioneer species such as lichens and mosses begin to colonize the barren landscape, helping to break down rock and soil and create a suitable environment for other plant species to grow. Over time, more complex plant communities develop, attracting insects, birds, and other animals. The recovery process can take decades or even centuries, depending on the severity of the eruption and other environmental factors.
