Plants have various defense mechanisms to protect themselves against predators. Some common ways plants defend themselves include the production of toxic chemicals, thorns or spines, tough outer coverings like bark, and the release of volatile compounds to attract predators of their own predators. Plants can also use physical barriers such as hairs or trichomes to deter herbivores. Additionally, some plants have developed symbiotic relationships with other organisms, like ants or beneficial insects, to help protect them from predators.
