Animals have various adaptations to survive in extreme climates. Some common adaptations include having thick fur or blubber for insulation in cold climates, having a high surface area-to-volume ratio to dissipate heat in hot climates, being nocturnal to avoid extreme temperatures during the day, and having specialized ways to conserve water in arid environments. These adaptations help animals regulate their body temperature, conserve energy, and find food and water sources in challenging environments.