Wolves communicate within a pack using a variety of vocalizations, body language, and scent marking. They howl to assemble the pack, locate each other, and communicate over long distances. They also use growls, barks, and whines to express emotions and intentions. In addition, wolves use body language such as tail wagging, ear positioning, and facial expressions to convey messages to other pack members. Scent marking through urination and defecation is another important way wolves communicate with each other, marking territory boundaries and leaving messages for other packs.
