Mathematics plays a crucial role in understanding chaos and complexity by providing tools and concepts to analyze and describe complex systems. The use of mathematical models, equations, and algorithms allows researchers to study patterns, behavior, and relationships within chaotic and complex systems. Through techniques like fractal geometry, dynamical systems theory, and network theory, mathematics helps to uncover underlying structures and dynamics in chaotic and complex systems. By using mathematical frameworks, scientists and researchers can gain insights into the behavior of chaotic systems and understand the emergence of complexity in various phenomena.