Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. The principle behind the functioning of a semiconductor lies in its ability to conduct electricity under certain conditions. This conductivity can be controlled by introducing impurities into the semiconductor material, a process known as doping. By doping the semiconductor with specific impurities, it is possible to create either an excess of negative charge carriers (electrons) or positive charge carriers (holes) within the material. These charge carriers allow the controlled flow of electricity through the semiconductor, making it a key component in_
